Imagine a suitcase on a bumpy ride. With enough jostling it opens, spilling clothes everywhere. Similarly awkward, the suitcase locks may jam and not open at the destination.
This analogy illustrates the importance of the protective capsule, called the capsid, which surrounds the HIV-1 genome. The capsid has to disassemble once the virus enters the cell, releasing its disease-causing cargo at precisely the right time and place.
“It’s still a matter of debate at what point the capsid falls apart in HIV-1 infection of cells,” said Dmitri Ivanov, Ph.D., assistant professor of biochemistry. Dr. Ivanov is a senior author on a study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, that offers clues about HIV-1 capsid disassembly. Akash Bhattacharya, Ph.D., was the first author on the study.
An HIV-1 inhibitor called PF74 and a host protein called CPSF6 bind to a small pocket on the surface of the capsid and prevent it from disassembling. Using the analogy, the suitcase is locked. Viral information is kept inside.
“We think that this process can be targeted for therapeutic purposes in HIV-1 infections,” Dr. Ivanov said.
In part of the study, researchers used X-ray crystallography at the UT Health Science Center to visualize the three-dimensional structure of the bound HIV-1 capsid.
“Seeing molecules in 3-D is illuminating; it tells us something about their function,” Dr. Ivanov said. “We now know how PF74 and CPSF6 interact with the adjacent building blocks of the HIV-1 capsid, thus stabilizing the entire capsid structure. It tells us that these molecules bind to the capsid before disassembly, blocking viral replication.”
